Environmental and lifestyle factors influencing risk of congenital heart block during pregnancy in anti-Ro/SSA-positive women

OBJECTIVES Congenital heart block (CHB) occurs in 1%-2% of anti-Ro/SSA antibody-positive pregnancies. A population-based recurrence rate of 12% indicates that factors other than maternal autoantibodies influence CHB development. Here we report the first investigation to identify environmental and lifestyle factors influencing the risk of CHB. METHODS A questionnaire focused on environmental and lifestyle factors was distributed to anti-Ro/SSA antibody-positive women who had given birth to at least one child with CHB, and additional data were retrieved from national health registers. Statistical analysis was performed comparing pregnancies resulting in a child with CHB (n=81) and pregnancies resulting in unaffected siblings (n=108). RESULTS Analysis of maternal body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy as well as medication intake and sun exposure did not reveal significant differences between CHB-affected and non-CHB pregnancies. By contrast, we found that reports of infections and stressful events were significantly more frequent in CHB-affected pregnancies than in non-CHB affected pregnancies (OR 17.9, 95% CI 4.1 to 162.8, p<0.001 and OR 5.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 55.1, p<0.05, respectively). Notably, outdoor activity a few hours per day emerged as a protective factor (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.99, p<0.05). The previously reported factor seasonal timing of pregnancy was confirmed (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 4.2, p<0.05), and multivariate analysis revealed that this association was partly explained by infection and outdoor activity. CONCLUSIONS In this retrospective study, infections, stressful events and time spent with outdoor activities emerged as potential environmental and lifestyle factors influencing the risk of CHB, warranting confirmation in prospective studies.